From Chaos to Harmony: Reimagining Global Order Through Hobbesian Insights

Thomas Hobbes, in his seminal work “Leviathan,” describes the state of nature as a “war of all against all,” where life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” He argues that in order to escape this chaotic state, individuals enter into a social contract, surrendering some of their freedoms to a sovereign authority in exchange for security and order. Hobbes’s ideas provide a useful lens to examine the interconnectedness and unsustainability of colonialism, nationalism, imperialism, and capitalism.

Interconnectivity of Colonialism, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Capitalism

Colonialism and Imperialism: Colonialism involves the subjugation and exploitation of one nation by another. It is driven by imperialism, the policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Hobbes’s view on human nature suggests that the pursuit of power is an inherent human trait, which manifests in the domination of weaker states by stronger ones. This pursuit is justified under the guise of bringing order and civilization, but ultimately it is about maintaining control and access to resources.

Nationalism: The ideological belief in the superiority and interests of one’s own nation over others, often leads to conflict and competition between nations. Hobbes’s notion of the state of nature can be extended to the international arena, where nations exist in a state of anarchy without a global sovereign. Nationalism fuels the desire for power and security, often resulting in militarism and conflict, which aligns with Hobbes’s idea of the perpetual struggle for power.

Capitalism: An economic system characterized by private ownership and free markets, thrives on competition and the accumulation of wealth. Hobbes would argue that the capitalist drive for profit mirrors the human desire for power and self-preservation. However, unchecked capitalism can lead to significant disparities in wealth and power, creating social instability. The competitive nature of capitalism can also lead to exploitation and environmental degradation, as resources are consumed unsustainably to maximize profits.

Unsustainability

Environmental Degradation: The relentless pursuit of resources and economic growth in colonialism, imperialism, and capitalism leads to environmental exploitation. This results in habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, threatening the long-term sustainability of human societies.

Social Inequality: These systems perpetuate social hierarchies and economic disparities. The wealth generated from colonialism and capitalism often concentrates in the hands of a few, while the majority remain in poverty. This inequality breeds social unrest and undermines the social contract, as the promises of security and well-being are not fulfilled for all.

Global Conflict: Nationalism and imperialism foster international tension and conflict. The absence of a global sovereign, as Hobbes would note, means that the international system remains anarchic. This leads to wars, colonial rebellions, and geopolitical instability, making long-term peace and cooperation difficult to achieve.

A Sustainable Alternative System

A sustainable alternative system would address the inherent issues identified by Hobbes while promoting equity, environmental stewardship, and global cooperation.

Eco-Socialism: This system combines the principles of socialism with a strong emphasis on environmental sustainability. Eco-socialism advocates for the collective ownership of resources, reducing the exploitation driven by capitalism. By prioritizing environmental health, it seeks to ensure that economic activities are conducted sustainably, preserving the planet for future generations.

Global Governance: To address the anarchic nature of international relations, a strengthened form of global governance is necessary. This could take the form of a reformed United Nations or a new international body with the authority to enforce global laws and mediate conflicts. Such a body would work towards disarmament, conflict resolution, and the equitable distribution of resources.

Inclusive Nationalism: Instead of exclusive nationalism, an inclusive form of nationalism that promotes global citizenship and solidarity can be developed. This would involve fostering a sense of belonging and cooperation that transcends national borders, emphasizing shared human values and goals.

Participatory Democracy: Strengthening democratic institutions to ensure that all voices are heard and represented can mitigate social inequality. Participatory democracy empowers communities to take an active role in decision-making processes, ensuring that policies reflect the needs and aspirations of all citizens, not just the elite.

By integrating these elements, a sustainable alternative to the interconnected systems of colonialism, nationalism, imperialism, and capitalism can be envisioned—one that aligns with Hobbes’s desire for security and order while addressing the critical challenges of our time.

Who is Thomas Hobbes?

Thomas Hobbes was a 17th-century English philosopher best known for his work in political philosophy. His most famous work, Leviathan, outlines his views on human nature, society, and governance. Here are the key aspects of his philosophical focus:

Human Nature: Hobbes believed that in the state of nature, human beings are driven by self-interest and are in constant competition with one another for resources. This state of nature is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

Social Contract: To escape this chaotic state of nature, individuals collectively agree to form a social contract, surrendering some of their freedoms to a sovereign authority in exchange for security and order. This sovereign, or “Leviathan,” has absolute power to maintain peace and prevent the return to the state of nature.

Absolute Sovereignty: Hobbes argued for a strong, centralized authority to avoid the chaos and violence of the state of nature. He believed that only an absolute sovereign could effectively enforce laws and ensure social stability.

Importance in Global Politics Today:

State Sovereignty and Authority: Hobbes’s emphasis on the necessity of a strong central authority to maintain order resonates with contemporary discussions on state sovereignty. In an era where global challenges such as terrorism, pandemics, and cyber threats require coordinated responses, the balance between state sovereignty and international cooperation remains a critical issue.

Security and Stability: Hobbes’s ideas highlight the importance of security and stability as foundational for any functioning society. In global politics, this translates to understanding the priorities of states in ensuring their survival and security, often leading to the justification of strong governmental measures.

Human Nature and Conflict: Hobbes’s views on human nature and the potential for conflict help explain why international relations often involve power struggles and competition. His perspective can be used to analyze why states may act aggressively to protect their interests and why international institutions strive to mitigate these tendencies through diplomacy and agreements.

Legitimacy of Power: The social contract theory is relevant in discussions about the legitimacy of political power and governance. Debates on the legitimacy of international organizations, the rule of law in global governance, and the rights of states versus the rights of individuals can all be informed by Hobbesian principles.

Realism in International Relations: Hobbes’s ideas are foundational to the realist school of thought in international relations, which views states as primary actors in an anarchic international system where they act primarily in their self-interest to ensure survival.

Overall, Thomas Hobbes’s philosophical focus on human nature, the necessity of a strong central authority, and the dynamics of power and security provides a crucial lens for understanding the complexities and challenges of global politics today.

Additional Readings:

Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan: Or, The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil. Printed for Andrew Crooke.

Hobbes, T. (1642). De Cive (R. Tuck, Ed., & M. Silverthorne, Trans.). Cambridge University Press.

Hobbes, T. (c.1640). The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic (F. Tönnies, Ed.).

Hobbes, T. (1658). De Homine (C. T. Wood, Trans.). Indiana University Press. 

Hobbes, T. (1668). Behemoth: The History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England (F. Tönnies, Ed.).

Hobbes, T. (c.1662). A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England. Clarendon Press.

Hobbes, T. (c.1681). An Answer to a Book Published by Dr. Bramhall. Clarendon Press.